Hallucinogens

Hallucinogens

致幻剂是一组不同的药物,可以改变一个人对自己的意识 以及他们自己的想法和感受. They are commonly split into two categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). 两种致幻剂都能引起感觉和图像 real though they are not. 

有些致幻剂是从植物或蘑菇中提取的,有些是合成的 (human-made). 历史上,人们曾将致幻剂用于宗教或治疗 rituals. 最近,人们报告使用这些药物用于社交或娱乐 purposes.

Common classic hallucinogens include the following:

  • LSD (D-lysergic acid diethylamide) is one of the most powerful mind-altering chemicals. It is a clear or white odorless 麦角酸制成的材料,麦角酸存在于一种生长在黑麦上的真菌中 other grains. 
  • Psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine) 来自热带和亚热带地区的某些蘑菇 South America, Mexico, and the United States. 
  • Peyote (mescaline) 是一种以美斯卡灵为主要成分的无刺小仙人掌吗. Peyote can also be synthetic. 
  • DMT (N,N-dimethyltryptamine) 是在一些亚马逊植物中天然发现的一种强大的化学物质吗. Ayahuasca is a tea 由这些植物制成,当以这种形式服用时,它也被称为hoasca, aya, and yagé. People can also make DMT in a lab. Synthetic DMT usually takes the form of a white crystalline powder that is smoked.
  • 251-NBOMe 是一种与LSD和MDMA相似的合成致幻剂(见药物事实: MDMA) but that is much more potent. Developed for use in brain research, when sold illegally it is sometimes called N Bomb or 251.

解离性药物的常见例子如下:

  • PCP (Phencyclidine) 是在20世纪50年代作为外科手术的全身麻醉剂而发展起来的,但现在不再是 used for this purpose due to serious side effects. PCP can be found in a variety of forms, including tablets or capsules; however, liquid and white crystal powder are the most common.
  • Ketamine 用作人类和动物的手术麻醉剂. Much of the ketamine sold illegally come from veterinary offices. It mostly sells as a powder or as pills, but it also available as an injectable liquid. Ketamine is snorted or sometimes added to drinks as a date-rape drug. 
  • Dextromethorphan (DXM) 非处方感冒药中含有止咳清痰成分吗 咳嗽药(糖浆、片剂和胶囊剂). 
  • Salvia (Salvia divinorum) 是墨西哥南部、中美洲和南美洲常见的植物吗. Salvia is typically 通过咀嚼新鲜树叶或饮用其榨汁而摄入的. The dried 鼠尾草的叶子也可以烟熏或汽化和吸入. 

Halluinogens as Medicine

氯胺酮在许多年前就被批准用于治疗疼痛的医疗过程. 2019年3月,药物艾氯胺酮(被制造商称为“Spravato”)被禁止使用 被食品和药物管理局批准用于治疗严重抑郁症 in patients that do not respond to other treatments. Esketamine is closely related 氯胺酮是非法使用的药物,所以人们担心这种可能性 for misuse of this newly approved medication. In response, esketamine will be limited to administration in medical facilities.

不像处方药,可以带回家,也可以用来娱乐 使用,艾氯胺酮将在医疗办公室作为鼻腔喷雾剂使用. Patients 必须在医疗监督下等待至少2小时,以确保妥善管理 potential side effects. 这是一种快速起效的药物,所以可以看到改善 立即或在治疗的最初几周内(不像大多数其他抗抑郁药) which can take weeks to begin to show an effect). Traditional antidepressants target 神经递质血清素,去甲肾上腺素或多巴胺. Esketamine affects the 另一种大脑化学物质的受体叫做谷氨酸所以它代表了一种新的 approach to treating depression.

也有一些证据表明裸盖菇素可能对治疗抑郁症有效 and anxiety. FDA已授予两种制剂“突破性疗法”称号 正在研究裸盖菇素作为治疗抑郁症的药物的安全性和有效性. 值得注意的是,在这些研究中,裸盖菇素总是被服用 medical supervision.

Effects of Classic Hallucinogens

Short-Term Effects

经典的致幻剂可以让使用者看到图像,听到声音,感觉到感觉 that seem real but do not exist. The effects generally begin within 20 to 90 minutes 并且在某些情况下可以持续长达12个小时(LSD)或短至15分钟 others (synthetic DMT). 致幻剂使用者指的是迷幻药带来的体验 these drugs as "trips.“如果体验不愉快,用户有时会称之为‘不愉快’ "bad trip."

除了幻觉,其他短期一般影响包括:

  • increased heart rate
  • nausea
  • 强烈的感觉和感官体验(如看到更明亮的颜色)
  • 时间感的变化(例如,感觉时间过得很慢)

某些致幻剂的具体短期效应包括:

  • 血压、呼吸频率或体温升高
  • loss of appetite
  • dry mouth
  • sleep problems
  • spiritual experiences
  • feelings of relaxation
  • uncoordinated movements
  • excessive sweating
  • panic
  • paranoia—extreme and unreasonable distrust of others
  • psychosis—disordered thinking detached from reality
  • bizarre behaviors

Long-Term Effects

两种长期效应与使用经典致幻剂有关 these effects are rare.

  • Persistent Psychosis—a series of continuing mental problems, including:
    • visual disturbances
    • disorganized thinking
    • paranoia
    • mood changes
  • Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD)-某些药物经验的复发,如幻觉或其他视觉障碍. 这些闪回通常在没有任何警告的情况下发生,可能在几天或更长时间内发生 than a year after drug use. 这些症状有时被误认为是其他疾病, such as stroke or a brain tumor.

这两种情况在有精神病史的人身上更常见, 但这可能发生在任何人身上,即使是在使用过一次致幻剂之后. For HPDD, 一些抗抑郁和抗精神病药物可以用来改善情绪和 treat psychosis. 行为疗法可以用来帮助人们应对恐惧或 confusion associated with visual disturbances.

Effects of Dissociative Hallucinogens

解离性药物效应可在几分钟内出现,并可持续数小时 in some cases; some users report experiencing drug effects for days.

Effects depend on how much is used. In low and moderate doses, dissociative drugs can cause:

  • numbness
  • disorientation and loss of coordination
  • hallucinations
  • 血压、心率和体温升高

在高剂量下,解离性药物可引起以下影响:

  • memory loss
  • panic and anxiety
  • seizures
  • psychotic symptoms
  • amnesia
  • inability to move
  • mood swings
  • trouble breathing

Long-Term Effects of Dissociative Drugs

解离性药物的长期效果还需要更多的研究. Researchers do know repeated use of PCP can result in addiction. Other long-term effects may continue for a year or more after use stops, including:

  • speech problems
  • memory loss
  • weight loss
  • anxiety
  • depression and suicidal thoughts

Source: National Institute on Drug Abuse; National Institutes of Health; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Content Editor:
Jordan Frazer
530-895-2441